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[[File:Scratchcue.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A scratch cue on a 35mm print.]]
[[File:Desert fury.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A printed technicolor cue.]]
[[File:punch cue.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A square punched motor cue.]]
[[File:Cuemaker2.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A tool for making scratch cues.]]
[[File:Bad grease cues.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Incorrectly made grease cues (too large, marked on emulsion side.]]


==Different Types of Cues==
 
==Different Types of Cues and Cue Making Tools==
'''Click to enlarge:'''
<gallery widths=150px heights=150px mode=packed>
File:Scratchcue.jpg| ''Scratch cue''
File:Desert fury.jpg| ''technicolor lab cue''
File:Diner.jpg| ''typical lab cue''
File:punch cue.jpg|  ''square punch cue''
File:The_Road_back.JPG| ''scratch cue''
File:Cuemaker2.jpg| ''tool for making scratch cues''
File: Film ruler.jpeg| ''Mercer 16mm/35mm film ruler, available at [http://www.christys.net/ Christy's]''
</gallery>
 
==Countdown==
==Countdown==
Countdown: SMPTE countdown is measured in seconds. Academy countdown is measured in feet. Both types should be 12 feet in length.  
see also: [[Leader]]
24 frames in a second
[[File:Countdownbeep.jpg|left|thumb|200px| SMPTE countdown (measured in seconds)]]
==Making Cues==
* '''[[SMPTE]]''' countdown is measured in seconds and will start at the number 8. '''Academy''' countdown is measured in feet and will start at the number 12. It's important to know the difference, because you will thread to a different number depending on what type of countdown you're using. Both types should be 12 feet in length if no frames have been removed.
'''16 frames in a foot
 
So 12 feet = 192 frames = 8 seconds'''
==Checking Cues==
*First, determine if you need to make them. If there are already cues use a frame counter to see which ones are correct. Always start from the end of the reel and count backwards from last image. If it’s a fade out, be careful to check where the fadeout ends and the footer begins. Only make cues if you HAVE TO (i.e there aren’t any or the existing ones are really far off). Better the audience see a frame of black than marking up a print with more cues. Archival prints will almost always come with cues, but if you have to make cues on an archival print use grease pencil only. If it's your own personal print you may want to make scratched (or scribed) cues.  
 
'''1 foot = 16 frames, Countdown should be 12 feet. 12 feet = 192 frames (or 8 seconds)'''
*First, determine if you need to make cues at all. Most archival prints will come with cues already on them, if this is the case use a frame counter to determine if they are correct. Always start from the end of the reel and count backwards from last image. If it’s a fade out, be careful to check where the fadeout ends and the footer begins.  
*If you receive a print with no cues on it, (or more likely) receive a print with cues that are incorrect or too close to the last image, you may need to make cues. The [[SMPTE]] specification for how to make cues properly is written below. In practice experienced projectionists can do a good changeover with as few as 8 or 10 frames after the changeover cue though you will see the SMPTE spec calls for 18-24. Use your best judgement (and a frame counter) to decide or not you REALLY need to add cues to a print. Better the audience see a frame of black than marking up a print with more cues and handling it more than you need to. If you have to make cues on an archival print use grease pencil only. If it's your own personal print or you have received permission from the archive you may want to make permanent scratched (or scribed) cues. Tape or punch cues are not recommended. 
 
'''SMPTE - 301 (SMPTE Projection Leader) post-2005 standard:
4 frames of Motor Start Cue ➔172 frames (or 10 feet+12 frames) ➔ 4 frames of
Changeover Cue ➔ 18 frames (last image) = total 198 frames'''
 
'''SMPTE - 55 (SMPTE Universal Leader) pre-2005 standard.
4 frames of Motor Start Cue ➔168 frames (or 10 feet + 8 frames) ➔ 4 frames of
Changeover Cue ➔ 24 frames (last image) = total 200 frames'''


'''End of picture → count 18 frames → mark  4 frames of C/O → count 172 frames (or 10 feet + 12 frames) → mark 4 frames of M/C (this is SMPTE spec for cues).  
==How to make grease cues==
Total number of frames = 198'''
*WEAR GLOVES and ALWAYS MARK THE BASE SIDE. Mark your changeover and motor cues over 4 frames. Because you have the film running tails to heads on the rewind and you’ll be marking the base side you will have to flip the film over (just a loose twist), so the film is base up. Mark the cues on the side opposite the soundtrack on the top of the frame. Just a short dash from the corner in towards the center a few centimeters will do. As small as you can while still being able to see it.  
* You may notice that the length of film between the number you thread to on the countdown and the first image is longer than the amount of footage between cues. That extra footage is to account for the time it takes for the motor to ramp up. Some projector motors take longer to come up to constant speed, in which case you might thread to a lower number to make up for that. Get to know the projector you're working with and run test reels so you can determine the correct number to thread to.  
*If a film has been previously cued but say the changeover cue has been spliced off, you may want to count back less than 18 frames to avoid clipping anymore of the film than you have to. I would say 10 at the minimum to avoid having a pretty bad changeover.
*Making cues on a fade out:  If there’s no splice to help you, look for when the audio ends and use your best judgement. There should be a lab splice or a splice from the negative that you can count back 172 frames from so you can mark your motor cue. You won't need to make a changeover cue, because the fadeout itself will be your cue. Don't forget to use your ears as sometimes audio will continue after the image fades out!
[[File:Bad grease cues.JPG|left|thumb|300px|Incorrectly made grease cues (too large, marked on emulsion side, and lab cues were perfectly fine at only 18 frames from the end!)]]
[[File:Bad grease cues 2.jpeg|center|thumb|300px|So bad! Very very bad!]]


*WEAR GLOVES and ALWAYS MARK THE BASE SIDE. Mark your changeover and motor cues over 4 frames. Because you have the film running tails to heads on the rewind  and you’ll be marking the base side you will have to flip the film over (just a loose twist) and mark the cues on the side opposite the soundtrack on the top of the frame. Just a short dash from the corner in towards the center a few centimeters will do.  As small as you can while still being able to see it. 
*There are 10 feet and 12 frames between your motor cue and your changeover cue (total is 172 frames or about 7 seconds). Countdown should be 12 feet (or 8 seconds) There is 8 (or 7 or 9) feet from the number you thread on (6 for SMPTE leader and 8 for Academy) to the first frame of picture. That extra footage is to account for the time it takes for the motor to ramp up. Some projector motors are slower in which case you might thread to a lower number to make up for that. If a film has been previously cued but say the changeover cue has been spliced off, you may want to count back less than 18 frames to avoid clipping anymore of the film than you have to. I would say 12 at the minimum to avoid having a pretty bad changeover.
*Making cues on a fade out:  If there’s no splice to help you, look for when the audio ends and use your best judgement. There should be a lab splice or a splice from the negative that you can count back 172 frames from. If you’re comfortable you can do a changeover on a fadeout with just the motor cue, use your ears for the change over cue!








[[Category:Film components]]
[[Category:Film handling]]
[[Category:Film handling]]
[[Category:Film prints]]
[[Category:Film prints]]
[[Category: Technique]]
[[Category: Showmanship]]

Revision as of 19:34, 9 September 2018


Different Types of Cues and Cue Making Tools

Click to enlarge:

Countdown

see also: Leader

SMPTE countdown (measured in seconds)
  • SMPTE countdown is measured in seconds and will start at the number 8. Academy countdown is measured in feet and will start at the number 12. It's important to know the difference, because you will thread to a different number depending on what type of countdown you're using. Both types should be 12 feet in length if no frames have been removed.

Checking Cues

1 foot = 16 frames, Countdown should be 12 feet. 12 feet = 192 frames (or 8 seconds)

  • First, determine if you need to make cues at all. Most archival prints will come with cues already on them, if this is the case use a frame counter to determine if they are correct. Always start from the end of the reel and count backwards from last image. If it’s a fade out, be careful to check where the fadeout ends and the footer begins.
  • If you receive a print with no cues on it, (or more likely) receive a print with cues that are incorrect or too close to the last image, you may need to make cues. The SMPTE specification for how to make cues properly is written below. In practice experienced projectionists can do a good changeover with as few as 8 or 10 frames after the changeover cue though you will see the SMPTE spec calls for 18-24. Use your best judgement (and a frame counter) to decide or not you REALLY need to add cues to a print. Better the audience see a frame of black than marking up a print with more cues and handling it more than you need to. If you have to make cues on an archival print use grease pencil only. If it's your own personal print or you have received permission from the archive you may want to make permanent scratched (or scribed) cues. Tape or punch cues are not recommended.

SMPTE - 301 (SMPTE Projection Leader) post-2005 standard: 4 frames of Motor Start Cue ➔172 frames (or 10 feet+12 frames) ➔ 4 frames of Changeover Cue ➔ 18 frames (last image) = total 198 frames

SMPTE - 55 (SMPTE Universal Leader) pre-2005 standard. 4 frames of Motor Start Cue ➔168 frames (or 10 feet + 8 frames) ➔ 4 frames of Changeover Cue ➔ 24 frames (last image) = total 200 frames

How to make grease cues

  • WEAR GLOVES and ALWAYS MARK THE BASE SIDE. Mark your changeover and motor cues over 4 frames. Because you have the film running tails to heads on the rewind and you’ll be marking the base side you will have to flip the film over (just a loose twist), so the film is base up. Mark the cues on the side opposite the soundtrack on the top of the frame. Just a short dash from the corner in towards the center a few centimeters will do. As small as you can while still being able to see it.
  • You may notice that the length of film between the number you thread to on the countdown and the first image is longer than the amount of footage between cues. That extra footage is to account for the time it takes for the motor to ramp up. Some projector motors take longer to come up to constant speed, in which case you might thread to a lower number to make up for that. Get to know the projector you're working with and run test reels so you can determine the correct number to thread to.
  • If a film has been previously cued but say the changeover cue has been spliced off, you may want to count back less than 18 frames to avoid clipping anymore of the film than you have to. I would say 10 at the minimum to avoid having a pretty bad changeover.
  • Making cues on a fade out: If there’s no splice to help you, look for when the audio ends and use your best judgement. There should be a lab splice or a splice from the negative that you can count back 172 frames from so you can mark your motor cue. You won't need to make a changeover cue, because the fadeout itself will be your cue. Don't forget to use your ears as sometimes audio will continue after the image fades out!
Incorrectly made grease cues (too large, marked on emulsion side, and lab cues were perfectly fine at only 18 frames from the end!)
So bad! Very very bad!